CSF

Normal values (CSF):

CSF opening pressure: 50–180 mmH2O Glucose: 40–85 mg/dL. Protein (total): 15–45 mg/dL. Lactate dehyrogenase: 1/10 of serum level. Lactate: less than 35 mg/dL. Leukocytes (WBC): 0–5/µL (adults / children); up to 30/µL (newborns). Gram stain: negative. Culture: sterile. Specific gravity: 1.006–1.009. Syphilis serology: negative. Gross appearance: Normal CSF is clear and colorless. Differential: 60–70% lymphocytes; up to 30% monocytes     and macrophages; other cells 2% or less.

Bacterial Meningitis Glucose (mg/dL): Normal to marked decrease.  <40 mg/dL. Protein (mg/dL) (Marked increase)  > 250 mg/dL. WBCs (cells/µL) >500 (usually > 1000).  Early: May be < 100. Cell differential: Predominance of Neutrophils (PMNs) Culture: Positive Opening Pressure Elevated

Fungal Meningitis Glucose (mg/dL): <40 mg/dL (Low) Protein (mg/dL) (moderate to marked increase) 25 -500 mg/dL WBCs (cells/µL) Variable (10 -1000 cells/µL) <500cells/µL. Cell differential: Predominance of Lymphocytes Culture: Positive (fungal) Opening Pressure Variable

Tubercular Meningitis Glucose (mg/dL): <40 mg/dL (Low) Protein (mg/dL) (moderate to marked increase) 50 -500 mg/dL WBCs (cells/µL) Variable (10 -1000 cells/µL) <500cells/µL. Cell differential: Predominance of Lymphocytes Culture: Positive for AFB Opening Pressure Variable

Viral Meningitis Glucose (mg/dL): Normal   (> 40 mg/dL.) Protein (mg/dL) <100 mg/dL (moderate increase) WBCs (cells/µL) < 100 cells/µL. Cell differential: Early: neutrophils. Late: lymphocytes. Culture: Negative Opening Pressure Usually normal

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IICP

headache
nausea
vomiting
papiledema
consicousness disturbance
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Cushing's triad: hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respiration
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 ICP exceeds 40–50 --> results in loss of consciousness
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