~A Boy Always Young~

2011年7月13日 星期三

GI Bleeding





GI bleeding: 80%UGIB會自動止血
常見原因:
a.       消化性潰瘍 (胃或十二指腸): 47-79%
b.      胃糜爛: 6-30%
c.       食道靜脈曲張: 8-16%
d.      其他 (食道炎,十二指腸糜爛, Mallory-Weiss裂傷, 腫瘤, 血管病變)
重要病史:
a.       使用 Aspirin, Plavix, Coumadine ,NSAID, 酒精
b.      肝病史,先前食道靜脈曲張出血
c.       潰瘍病史,心窩灼熱, 吞嚥困難, 體重減輕;
d.      腹部主動脈瘤或血管移植術後

Hx taking
a.       黑、暗紅、鮮紅?
b.      PUD with bleeding, cirrhosis, EV bleeding
c.       NSAIDs, Aspirin, Plavix, Coumadin
d.      Uremia, heart failure, COPD
LAB
a.       CBC/DCplateletPTPTT
b.      Hemodynamic evaluation, Digital examination
    
Treatment for Active UGI bleeding
Volume expansion à arrange PES à Nexium 2 vials ( 80 mg ) IVB 20~30 minutes st à Continuous iv infusion (8 mg/hr) × 3 days (4~5 vials/day) à if no active bleeding sign à 1 vial Q12h
90~95% re-bleeding,都在 3天內發生,所以用3
pH > 4 is a critical threshold for gastric pepsin activitypH > 6 is needed to maintain platelet aggregation,所以用Losec or Nexium


何時懷疑EVB
a.       Liver cirrhosis, EV bleeding history
b.      HBV or HCV without regular F/U
c.       Heavy alcoholism
d.      Thrombocytopenia
e.       PT prolong (INR>1.3~1.5)
f.       U/A Bil > (+) à jaundice
g.      Leg edema, Ascites, spider nevus

Liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension 導致 EV or GV bleeding
a.       Glypressin 2 vials iv bolus st à 1 vial Q4~6 hrs
b.      Volume expansion, blood transfusion , PES , iv Antibiotics
Ciproxin 2Amp st & Q12 hrs
或者
Cefamezine 1 vial iv st & Q 6-8 hrs
加上
Augmentin 1-2 vials iv st & Q 6-8 hrs

何時要準備輸血:
a.       Platelet < 8萬,有bleeding sign
b.      PT(INR) 1.3~ 1.5,有bleeding sign
c.       PTT > 1.5~2 x,有bleeding sign
d.      目標 : Hb 8.0為原則
Uremia 患者 platelet dysfunction,不要只顧platelet count,應測bleeding time

NG適應:
a.       DDxUGI or LGI bleedingàDx rate85%+ N/S 200-500cc lavage and aspiration可達85-90%
b.      評估出血速度或開刀之可能性,但可能因 NG kinking 而誤判
c.       TxDecompression, avoid aspiration(須保持NG暢通)
NG禁忌:
a.       EV bleeding,尤其 post-EVL
b.      Dx for PPU(打Air for standing CXR

NG tube lavage乾淨代表胃無急性出血或幽門緊閉,約18% UGI Bleeding 沖洗時無血液內容物,非血液內容且含膽汁之抽取物,仍無法排除上消化道出血

PES禁忌:unstable Airway, poor cooperation, Peritonitis, R/O PPU

胃鏡意義及處理:
Active bleeding signà need therapeutic endoscopy intervention
a.       Spurting (or pulsation bleeding): continuous bleeding rate 80~100 %
b.      Non-bleeding visible vessel (NBVV): visible vessel with bloody clots      (vessel exposure, but no active bleeding sign) Re-bleeding rate 40~50 %
c.       Oozing ulcerative base without visible vessel: continuous bleeding rate 30 %
d.      Adherent clot : Bloody clots (dark/fresh) without visible vessel Re-bleeding rate 25 %
SRH (Stigmata of recent hemorrhage)à keep  observation
a.       Visible vessel only ( clean base , no oozing ): Rebleeding rate 15 ~ 20 %
b.      Hematin/dark bloody base( no visible vessel), Flat, pigmented spot: Rebleeding rate 10%
Simple ulcer: Near no rebleeding

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